The number of old people is rising worldwide, and advancing age is a major risk factor for
atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. However, the mechanisms underlying this …

Over the past decade, the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death (NCCD) has formulated
guidelines for the definition and interpretation of cell death from morphological, biochemical …

Mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in the development of heart failure. Oxidative
metabolism in mitochondria is the main energy source of the heart, and the inability to …

Pulmonary epithelial cells are widely considered to be the first line of defence in the lung
and are responsible for coordinating the innate immune response to injury and subsequent …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are components of the innate immune system that respond to
exogenous infectious ligands (pathogen-associated molecular patterns, PAMPs) and …

Mitochondria are a distinguishing feature of eukaryotic cells. Best known for their critical
function in energy production via oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), mitochondria are …

Formyl-peptide receptors (FPRs) recognize bacterial and mitochondrial formylated peptides
as well as endogenous non-formylated peptides and even lipids. FPRs are expressed on …

Background Organ failure, including acute kidney injury (AKI), is the third leading cause of
death after bleeding and brain injury in trauma patients. We sought to assess the …

Mitochondria are evolutionary endosymbionts derived from bacteria. Thus, they bear
molecules, such as mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) that contains CpG DNA repeats and N …

Trauma is one of the leading causes of death and disability in the world. Multiple trauma or
isolated traumatic brain injury are both indicative of human tissue damage. In the early …