Posterior staphyloma (PS) is considered the hallmark of pathologic myopia and is defined as
an outpouching of a circumscribed portion of the eyeball with a radius of curvature smaller …

Allergic conjunctivitis is one of the common immune hypersensitivity disorders that affect the
ocular system. The clinical manifestations of this condition exhibit variability contingent upon …

(1) Background: Myopia is one of the most common refractive errors in the world. The aim of
this study was to evaluate the transverse dimensions of selected masticatory muscles …

Conjunctival fibrosis is a serious clinical concern implicated in a wide spectrum of eye
diseases, including outcomes of surgery for pterygium and glaucoma. It is mainly driven by …

Spasticity is one component of the upper motor neuron (UMN) syndrome resulting from a
multitude of neurologic conditions, such as stroke, brain injury, spinal cord injury, multiple …

The anatomy and even existence of a common tendinous origin of the extraocular eye
muscles, or annulus of Zinn, has widely been debated in anatomical literature. This study …

Development of modern surgical techniques is associated with the need for a thorough
knowledge of surgical anatomy and, in the case of ophthalmologic surgery, also functional …

Conjunctival melanoma (CM) accounts for 5% of all ocular melanomas and arises from
malignantly transformed melanocytes in the conjunctival epithelium. Current therapies using …

Botulinum toxin is an important treatment for many conditions in ophthalmology, including
strabismus, nystagmus, blepharospasm, hemifacial spasm, spastic and congenital …

Background The levator palpebrae superioris muscle (LPS) acts as the upper eyelid's major
elevator and retractor and is innervated by the oculomotor nerve. The muscle's paralysis is …