Melt extraction from the partially molten mantle is among the fundamental processes
shaping the solid Earth today and over geological time. A diversity of properties and …

This hands-on introduction to numerical geodynamic modelling provides a solid grounding
in the necessary mathematical theory and techniques, including continuum mechanics and …

Transform faults accommodate the lateral motions between lithospheric plates, producing
large earthquakes. Away from active transform boundaries, former oceanic transform faults …

Geodynamic modelling provides a powerful tool to investigate processes in the Earth's crust,
mantle, and core that are not directly observable. However, numerical models are inherently …

Deep-Earth volatile cycles couple the mantle with near-surface reservoirs. Volatiles are
emitted by volcanism and, in particular, from mid-ocean ridges, which are the most prolific …

The plate tectonic theory requires a rigid lithosphere floating over a weak asthenosphere,
separated by the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary, which has been sometimes …

The compositions of mantle-derived magmas indicate a substantial variety in the
abundances of volatiles in the upper mantle. CO 2 and H 2 O depress the melting point of …

The past decades have seen tremendous advances in analytical capabilities regarding the
sensitivity, spatial selectivity, and instrumental precision of U-Th-Pb zircon geochronology …

Juxtaposed terranes of highly varied tectonic history make up the contiguous US: the
tectonically active western US, the largely quiescent Archean and Proterozoic cratons of the …

Carbon release during continental rifting is thought to regulate atmospheric CO2 levels.
Supercontinent dispersal‐induced extensional tectonics is similar during the Late Ediacaran …