Melatonin production is highly conserved in nature through different species including
bacteria, unicellular eukaryotes, algae, plants invertebrates, and vertebrates (Hardeland et …

The use of opioid analgesics has a long history in clinical settings, although the
comprehensive action of opioid receptors is still less understood. Nonetheless, recent …

The amphetamine derivative (±)-3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) is
a popular recreational drug among young people, particularly those involved in the dance …

Increasing evidence has suggested that inflammation in the brain is closely associated with
the pathogenesis of several degenerative neurologic disorders, including Parkinson's …

Opioid receptors are widely distributed in the human body and are crucially involved in
numerous physiological processes. These include pain signaling in the central and the …

The goal of this article is to summarize available data examining the physiological
significance of brain corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) systems in mediating the …

It is now generally accepted that G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) can exist as dimers
or as part of larger oligomeric complexes. Increasing evidence suggests that a dimer is the …

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are cell surface receptors that mediate physiological
responses to a diverse array of stimuli. GPCRs have traditionally been thought to act as …

The molecular basis for the known intramembrane receptor/receptor interactions among G
protein-coupled receptors was postulated to be heteromerization based on receptor subtype …

Efficacy has been defined in receptor pharmacology as a proportionality factor denoting the
amount of physiological response a given ligand imparts to a biological system for a given …