Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a neuropeptide with diverse physiological
functions. Its two isoforms (α and β) are widely expressed throughout the body in sensory …

Increasing evidence from epidemiological, clinical and experimental studies indicate that
age-related cerebromicrovascular dysfunction and microcirculatory damage play critical …

INTRODUCTION Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) covers and protects the brain from mechanical
injury. CSF also flows along an interconnected network of perivascular spaces surrounding …

Spreading depression (SD) is a transient wave of near-complete neuronal and glial
depolarization associated with massive transmembrane ionic and water shifts. It is …

Neurovascular coupling reflects the close temporal and regional linkage between neural
activity and cerebral blood flow. Although providing mechanistic insight, our understanding …

A modern understanding of how cerebral cortical lesions develop after acute brain injury is
based on Aristides Leão's historic discoveries of spreading depression and asphyxial/anoxic …

Spreading depolarizations (SD) are waves of abrupt, near-complete breakdown of neuronal
transmembrane ion gradients, are the largest possible pathophysiologic disruption of viable …

The term spreading depolarization (SD) refers to waves of abrupt, sustained mass
depolarization in gray matter of the CNS. SD, which spreads from neuron to neuron in …

Background When a patient arrives in the emergency department following a stroke, a
traumatic brain injury, or sudden cardiac arrest, there is no therapeutic drug available to help …

Spreading depolarization (SD) is a phenomenon of various cerebral gray matter structures
that only occurs under pathological conditions. In the present paper, we summarize the …