There is a growing recognition that gliomas are complex tumors composed of neoplastic and
non-neoplastic cells, which each individually contribute to cancer formation, progression …

Glioblastoma (GB) is the most common and aggressive primary brain tumor in adults and
currently incurable. Despite multimodal treatment regimens, median survival in unselected …

Tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) are enriched in glioblastoma multiformes (GBMs)
that contain glioma stem cells (GSCs) at the apex of their cellular hierarchy. The correlation …

Background Immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting programmed cell death 1 (PD1) or its
ligand (PD-L1) showed activity in several cancer types. Methods We performed …

CNS immune defenses are marshaled and dominated by brain resident macrophages and
microglia, which are the innate immune sentinels and frontline host immune barriers against …

Tumor-infiltrating immune cells are part of a complex microenvironment that promotes and/or
regulates tumor development and growth. Depending on the type of cells and their …

Diffuse midline glioma (DMG), formerly called diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG), is a
high-grade malignant pediatric brain tumor with a near-zero survival rate. To date, only …

Despite increasing evidence that antitumor immune control exists in the pediatric brain,
these findings have yet to be exploited successfully in the clinic. A barrier to development of …

Despite advances in treatment regimens that comprise surgery, chemotherapy, and
radiation, outcome of many brain tumors remains dismal, more so when they recur. The …

GBM is the most common primary brain tumor in adults, and the aggressive nature of this
tumor contributes to its extremely poor prognosis. Over the years, the heterogeneous and …