A survey of Layer-two blockchain protocols

A Gangwal, HR Gangavalli, A Thirupathi - Journal of Network and …, 2023 - Elsevier
After the success of the Bitcoin blockchain, came several cryptocurrencies and blockchain
solutions in the last decade. Nonetheless, Blockchain-based systems still suffer from low …

A survey on blockchain scalability: From hardware to layer-two protocols

GAF Rebello, GF Camilo, LAC de Souza… - … Surveys & Tutorials, 2024 - ieeexplore.ieee.org
Despite the great success of blockchain systems in recent years, blockchains still struggle to
provide the same level of latency and throughput as centralized financial systems. The core …

Compact learning model for dynamic off-chain routing in blockchain-based IoT

Z Li, W Su, M Xu, R Yu, D Niyato… - IEEE Journal on Selected …, 2022 - ieeexplore.ieee.org
Dynamic off-chain routing in payment channel network (PCN)-based Internet of Things (IoT)
is attracting increasing research attention. However, there are two major issues in dynamic …

Flood & loot: A systemic attack on the lightning network

J Harris, A Zohar - Proceedings of the 2nd ACM Conference on …, 2020 - dl.acm.org
The Lightning Network promises to alleviate Bitcoin's known scalability problems. The
operation of such second layer approaches relies on the ability of participants to turn to the …

A review of the lightning network's evolution: Unraveling its present state and the emergence of disruptive digital business models

TK Dasaklis, V Malamas - Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic …, 2023 - mdpi.com
The Lightning Network (LN), a second-layer protocol built on top of the Bitcoin blockchain, is
an innovative digital payment solution that offers increased convenience, speed, and cost …

RobustPay+: Robust Payment Routing With Approximation Guarantee in Blockchain-Based Payment Channel Networks

Y Zhang, D Yang - IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, 2021 - ieeexplore.ieee.org
The past decade has witnessed an explosive growth in cryptocurrencies, but the blockchain-
based cryptocurrencies have also raised many concerns, among which a crucial one is the …

Counting down thunder: Timing attacks on privacy in payment channel networks

E Rohrer, F Tschorsch - Proceedings of the 2nd ACM Conference on …, 2020 - dl.acm.org
The Lightning Network is a scaling solution for Bitcoin that promises to enable rapid and
private payment processing. In Lightning, multi-hop payments are secured by utilizing …

Analysis and probing of parallel channels in the lightning network

A Biryukov, G Naumenko, S Tikhomirov - International Conference on …, 2022 - Springer
Bitcoin can process only a few transactions per second, which is insufficient for a global
payment network. The Lightning Network (LN) aims to address this challenge. The LN …

Hiding payments in lightning network with approximate differentially private payment channels

G van Dam, RA Kadir - Computers & Security, 2022 - Elsevier
Abstract Payment Channel Networks (PCN) form a class of techniques created to solve the
scalability problems that permissionless blockchains such as Bitcoin face. The Lightning …

Revelio: A Network-Level Privacy Attack in the Lightning Network

T Von Arx, M Tran, L Vanbever - 2023 IEEE 8th European …, 2023 - ieeexplore.ieee.org
The Lightning Network (LN) is a widely-adopted off-chain protocol that not only addresses
Bitcoin's scaling problem but also enables anonymous payments. Prior attacks have shown …