Abstract Astaxanthin (3, 3′-dihydroxy-β, β-carotene-4, 4′-dione) is an orange-red,
lipophilic keto-carotenoid pigment. It is majorly found in marine ecosystems particularly in …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common degenerative brain disorders caused
by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN). Lewy bodies and …

In aging and neurodegenerative diseases, loss of distinct type of neurons characterizes
disease-specific pathological and clinical features, and mitochondria play a pivotal role in …

As the leading causes of human disability and mortality, neurological diseases affect
millions of people worldwide and are on the rise. Although the general roles of several …

The complex pathophysiological mechanisms behind destructive chronic conditions,
including cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases …

Apoptosis, programmed cell death type I, is a critical part of neurodegeneration in cerebral
ischemia, Parkinson's, and Alzheimer's disease. Apoptosis begins with activation of pro …

Neurological disorders are diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system that affect
millions of people, and the numbers are rising gradually. In the pathogenesis of …

Mitochondria are the primary source of energy production in neurons, supporting the high
energy consumption of the nervous system. Inefficient and dysfunctional mitochondria in the …

Neurodegenerative diseases are progressive diseases of the nervous system that lead to
neuron loss or functional disorders. Neurodegenerative diseases require long-term …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder that featured by the loss
of dopaminergic neurons. Astaxanthin (AST), an important antioxidant, is demonstrated to be …