Placebo response theory and set and setting theory are two fields which examine how non-
biological factors shape the response to therapy. Both consider factors such as expectancy …

Extracranial venous abnormalities, especially jugular venous outflow disturbance, were
originally viewed as nonpathological phenomena due to a lack of realization and …

Importance Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) is characterized by
restricted venous outflow from the brain and spinal cord. Whether this condition is …

Background Eagle syndrome is a condition that causes pharyngeal pain, facial pain,
swallowing difficulties, and symptoms of arterial impingement due to the elongated styloid …

Introduction: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory, demyelinating, and
neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system. Over the last two decades, more …

Under the auspices of the International Society for Neurovascular Disease (ISNVD), four
expert panel committees were created from the ISNVD membership between 2011 and …

In keeping with its status as one of the major causes of disability and mortality worldwide,
brain damage induced by cerebral arterial disease has been the subject of several decades …

Objective To determine the safety and efficacy of balloon vs sham venoplasty of narrowing of
the extracranial jugular and azygos veins in multiple sclerosis (MS). Methods Patients with …

Purpose: To evaluate if jugular vein flow restoration in various venographic defects
indicative of chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) in multiple sclerosis (MS) …

Objective Increased ventricle volume and brain hypoperfusion are linked to
neurodegeneration. We hypothesized that in patients with restricted jugular flow, surgical …