Major depression is a leading contributor to the global burden of disease. This situation is
mainly related to the chronicity and/or recurrence of the disorder, and to poor response to …

The ventral tegmental area dopamine (VTA-DA) mesolimbic circuit processes emotional,
motivational, and social reward associations together with their more demanding cognitive …

The forced swim test (FST) for rodents does not model despair or helplessness. It also is not
a read-out for depression, anxiety, psychomotor retardation or autism, because these are …

Bruce McEwen's discovery of receptors for corticosterone in the rat hippocampus introduced
higher brain circuits in the neuroendocrinology of stress. Subsequently, these receptors …

Fasting initiates a multitude of adaptations to allow survival. Activation of the hypothalamic–
pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis and subsequent release of glucocorticoid hormones is a key …

In this 30th anniversary issue review, we focus on the glucocorticoid modulation of limbic‐
prefrontocortical circuitry during stress‐coping. This action of the stress hormone is mediated …

Early-life stress (ELS) is thought to cause the development of visceral pain disorders. While
some individuals are vulnerable to visceral pain, others are resilient, but the intrinsic circuit …

The hippocampus exerts inhibitory feedback on the release of glucocorticoids. Because the
major hippocampal efferent projections are excitatory, it has been hypothesized that this …

The acquired immobility response during the “forced swim test (FST)” is not a rodent model
of depression, but the test has some validity in predicting a compound's antidepressant …

The advent of optogenetics and chemogenetics has revolutionized the study of neural circuit
mechanisms of behavioral dysregulation in psychiatric disease. These powerful …