Lipids are one of the major components of biological membranes including the plasma
membrane, which is the interface between the cell and the environment. It has become clear …

Fatty acids and lipids, which are major and essential constituents of all plant cells, not only
provide structural integrity and energy for various metabolic processes but can also function …

Phosphatidic acid (PA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are crucial cellular messengers
mediating diverse signaling processes in metazoans and plants. How PA homeostasis is …

To confer resistance against pathogens and pests in plants, typically dominant resistance
genes are deployed. However, because resistance is based on recognition of a single …

Abstract Phospholipases D (PLD) and C (PLC) hydrolyze the phosphodiesteric linkages of
the head group of membrane phospholipids. PLDs and PLCs in plants occur in different …

Background Plants deploy immune receptors to detect pathogen-derived molecules and
initiate defense responses. Intracellular plant immune receptors called nucleotide-binding …

The plasma membrane (PM) is the biological membrane that separates the interior of all
cells from the outside. The PM is constituted of a huge diversity of proteins and lipids. In this …

Phosphatidic acid (PA) is an essential phospholipid involved in membrane biosynthesis and
signal transduction in all eukaryotes. This review focuses on its role as lipid second …

Gβγ subunits from heterotrimeric G proteins perform a vast array of functions in cells with
respect to signaling, often independently as well as in concert with Gα subunits. However …

Phospholipase D (PLD) has been implicated in multiple plant stress responses. Its gene
transcription and activity increase upon exposure to various stresses, and manipulation of …