Heart failure is one of the leading causes of death worldwide and has been singled out as
an emerging epidemic. 1, 2 With a 5-year survival rate of 50%, heart failure poses a …

The heart is adapted to utilize all classes of substrates to meet the high-energy demand, and
it tightly regulates its substrate utilization in response to environmental changes. Although …

In addition to fatty acids, glucose and lactate are important myocardial substrates under
physiologic and stress conditions. They are metabolized to pyruvate, which enters …

The HIF-1 transcription factor drives hypoxic gene expression changes that are thought to be
adaptive for cells exposed to a reduced-oxygen environment. For example, HIF-1 induces …

Heart failure (HF) is a syndrome resulting from the inability of the cardiac pump to meet the
energy requirements of the body. Despite intensive work, the pathogenesis of the cardiac …

NAD+ is a fundamental molecule in metabolism and redox signaling. In diabetes and its
complications, the balance between NADH and NAD+ can be severely perturbed. On one …

Background—Congestive heart failure (CHF) is associated with a change in cardiac energy
metabolism. However, the mechanism by which this change is induced and causes the …

Originally rising to notoriety for their role in the regulation of aging, sirtuins are a family of
NAD+-dependent enzymes that have been connected to a steadily growing set of biological …

Cardiac hypertrophy is a stereotypic response of the heart to increased workload. The
nature of the workload increase may vary depending on the stimulus (repetitive, chronic …

Cardiac hypertrophy is defined as an abnormal increase in heart muscle mass and is
functionally, mechanistically, and histologically distinguished from normal embryonic and …