Antibiotic resistance is a global health emergency, with resistance detected to all antibiotics
currently in clinical use and only a few novel drugs in the pipeline. Understanding the …

Tripartite efflux pumps and the related type 1 secretion systems (T1SSs) in Gram-negative
organisms are diverse in function, energization, and structural organization. They form …

The problem of antibiotic resistance among pathogenic bacteria has reached a crisis level.
The treatment options against infections caused by multiple drug-resistant bacteria are …

Bacterial multidrug efflux pumps have come to prominence in human and veterinary
pathogenesis because they help bacteria protect themselves against the antimicrobials …

Rresistance-nodulation-division (RND) efflux pumps in Gram-negative bacteria remove
multiple, structurally distinct classes of antimicrobials from inside bacterial cells therefore …

Membrane efflux pumps play a major role in bacterial multidrug resistance. The tripartite
multidrug efflux pump system from Escherichia coli, AcrAB-TolC, is a target for inhibition to …

Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) poses a grave clinical challenge due to its
multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotype, leading to severe and life-threatening infections …

Abstract The tripartite complex AcrAB-TolC is the major RND pump in Escherichia coli and
other Enterobacteriaceae. It consists of the AcrB transporter, which is embedded in the inner …

Acinetobacter are generally soil-dwelling organisms that can also cause serious human
infections. A. baumannii is one of the most common causative agents of Acinetobacter …

For antibiotics with intracellular targets, effective treatment of bacterial infections requires the
drug to accumulate to a high concentration inside cells. Bacteria produce a complex cell …