Parameter variations of lithium-ion batteries are an important concern because they can
reduce the performance of a battery pack. To quantify inherent variations due to production …

Cell-to-cell variations can originate from manufacturing inconsistency or poor design of the
battery pack/thermal management system. The potential impact of such variations may limit …

To meet the ever-increasing demand for energy storage and power supply, battery systems
are being vastly applied to, eg, grid-level energy storage and automotive traction …

The temperature gradient due to the battery cooling thermally drives the unbalanced
discharging of a battery module, which is seldom discussed. The shortcoming of the …

In electric vehicle applications, lithium-ion batteries are usually used in parallel connections
to meet the power and energy requirements. However, the impedance and capacity …

Digital twins for large-scale and investment-intensive Li-ion battery systems in marine and
stationary applications have drawn increasing interest in recent years. Considering electrical …

In order to meet the energy and power requirements of large-scale battery applications,
lithium-ion cells have to be electrically connected by various serial-parallel connection …

The parallel-connection of lithium-ion cells and strings is of increasing research interest,
mainly due to the energy and power demands of large-scale applications, eg electric …

Understanding the strengths and limitations of different cell technologies is vital for
effectively scaling from cell to system level. In any group of cells connected in parallel …

Cells are often connected in parallel to achieve the required energy capacity of large-scale
battery systems. However, the current on each branch could exhibit oscillation, thus causing …