In the study of variation in brain structure and function that might relate to sex and gender,
language matters because it frames our research questions and methods. In this article, we …

The brain and the gut are engaged in continual crosstalk along a number of pathways
collectively termed the 'brain–gut axis'. Over recent years it has become increasingly clear …

The underlying assumption in popular and scientific publications on sex differences in the
brain is that human brains can take one of two forms “male” or “female,” and that the …

The categorization of individuals as “male” or “female” is based on chromosome
complement and gonadal and genital phenotype. This combined genetic-gonadal-genitals …

As one of the first rodent models designed to investigate the effects of early‐life experiences,
the neonatal handling paradigm has helped us better understand how subtle changes in the …

Much research shows that early life manipulations have enduring behavioral, neural, and
hormonal effects. However, findings of learning and memory performance vary widely …

During the last 30 years there have been many attempts to develop animal models of
obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), in the hope that they may provide a route for …

Adult animals submitted to a single prolonged episode of maternal deprivation [24h,
postnatal day 9–10] show behavioral alterations that resemble specific symptoms of …

We review here our latest results regarding short-and long-term effects of a neonatal
maternal deprivation (MD) stress [24h at postnatal day (PND) 9] on diverse …

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a psychiatric condition characterized by intrusive
and persistent memories of a psychologically traumatic event that leads to significant …