Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid–protein bilayer vesicular constructs secreted to the
extracellular spaces by cells. All cells secrete EVs as a regular biological process that …

Nanodrugs, which utilise nanomaterials in disease prevention and therapy, have attracted
considerable interest since their initial conceptualisation in the 1990s. Substantial efforts …

Exosomes are membrane-enclosed phospholipid extracellular vesicles, which can act as
mediators of intercellular communication. Although the original features endow tumor …

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have been extensively used as nanomaterials for theranostic
applications due to their multifunctional characteristics in therapeutics, imaging, and surface …

Tumor-derived exosomes possess significant clinical relevance due to their unique
composition of genetic and protein material that is representative of the parent tumor …

As biochemical and functional studies of membrane protein remain a challenge, there is
growing interest in the application of nanotechnology to solve the difficulties of developing …

Exosomes, nano-sized extracellular vesicles for intercellular communications, are gaining
rapid momentum as a novel strategy for the diagnosis and therapeutics of a spectrum of …

Exosomes are a class of extracellular vesicles secreted by all living cells. Exosomes carry
abundant constituents from their parental cells that are proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, small …

Toxicity studies for conventional oral drug formulations are standardized and well
documented, as required by the guidelines of administrative agencies such as the US Food …

Exosomes are representative of a promising vehicle for delivery of biomolecules. Despite
their discovery nearly 40 years, knowledge of exosomes and extracellular vesicles (EVs) …