Cancer immunity, and the potential for cancer immunotherapy, have been topics of scientific
discussion and experimentation for over a hundred years. Several successful cancer …

Chronic infection with viral hepatitis affects half a billion individuals worldwide and can lead
to cirrhosis, cancer, and liver failure. Liver cancer is the third leading cause of cancer …

Abstract Exhausted CD8+ T (Tex) cells in chronic infections and cancer have limited effector
function, high co-expression of inhibitory receptors and extensive transcriptional changes …

Exhausted CD8 T (Tex) cells are a distinct cell lineage that arise during chronic infections
and cancers in animal models and humans. Tex cells are characterized by progressive loss …

Inhibitors of the Programmed Cell Death 1: Programmed Cell Death 1 ligand 1 (PD-1: PD-
L1) pathway, a central regulator of T cell exhaustion, have been recently shown to be …

T cell exhaustion is a state of T cell dysfunction that arises during many chronic infections
and cancer. It is defined by poor effector function, sustained expression of inhibitory …

Exhausted T cells express multiple co-inhibitory molecules that impair their function and limit
immunity to chronic viral infection. Defining novel markers of exhaustion is important both for …

Hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are responsible
for most cases of viral hepatitis. Infection by each type of virus results in a different typical …

Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections account for 57% of
cases of liver cirrhosis and 78% of cases of primary liver cancer worldwide and cause a …

Although robust and highly effective anti-viral T cells contribute to the clearance of many
acute infections, viral persistence is associated with the development of functionally inferior …