The IL (interleukin)-6-type cytokines IL-6, IL-11, LIF (leukaemia inhibitory factor), OSM
(oncostatin M), ciliary neurotrophic factor, cardiotrophin-1 and cardiotrophin-like cytokine are …

Protein-tyrosine kinases (PTKs) are important regulators of intracellular signal-transduction
pathways mediating development and multicellular communication in metazoans. Their …

Highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza A viruses occasionally infect humans, but currently
do not transmit efficiently among humans. The viral haemagglutinin (HA) protein is a known …

Tremendous progress has been made in understanding the molecular basis of the antiviral
actions of interferons (IFNs), as well as strategies evolved by viruses to antagonize the …

▪ Abstract Cytokines and interferons are molecules that play central roles in the regulation of
a wide array of cellular functions in the lympho-hematopoietic system. These factors …

STAT proteins are a family of eukaryotic transcription factors that mediate the response to a
large number of cytokines and growth factors. Upon activation by cell-surface receptors or …

Understanding the control exerted by cytokines on T helper cell subsets 1 and 2 (TH 1-TH 2)
development has progressed to a fairly satisfying knowledge of intracellular signals and …

Interferons (IFNs) elicit multifaceted effects in host innate defence. Accumulating evidence
revealed that not only the first identified Jak‐Stat pathway but also other newly found …

The signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) contributes to cardioprotection
by ischemic pre-and postconditioning. Mitochondria are central elements of cardioprotective …

The type I interferons (IFNs) are pleiotropic cytokines that regulate many different cellular
functions. The major signaling pathway activated by type I IFNs involves sequential …