Macrophages stand in the first line of defense against a variety of pathogens but are also
involved in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis. To fulfill their functions macrophages …

Tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF) is a multifunctional cytokine. First recognized as an
endogenous soluble factor that induces necrosis of solid tumours, TNF became increasingly …

Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that has important roles in
mammalian immunity and cellular homeostasis. Deregulation of TNF receptor (TNFR) …

Background: Heart failure (HF) is a state of inappropriately sustained inflammation,
suggesting the loss of normal immunosuppressive mechanisms. Regulatory T-lymphocytes …

The intestinal epithelium constitutes an indispensable single-layered barrier to protect the
body from invading pathogens, antigens or toxins. At the same time, beneficial nutrients and …

A single mouse click on the topic tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in PubMed reveals about 50
000 articles providing one or the other information about this pleiotropic cytokine or its …

Cell proliferation and cell death are integral elements in maintaining homeostatic balance in
metazoans. Disease pathologies ensue when these processes are disturbed. A plethora of …

TNF is a master proinflammatory cytokine whose pathogenic role in inflammatory disorders
has long been attributed to induction of proinflammatory mediators. TNF also activates cell …

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a key mediator in the inflammatory response which is
implicated in the onset of a number of diseases. Research on TNF led to the characterization …

Viral infection or stimulation of TLR3 triggers signaling cascades, leading to activation of the
transcription factors IRF-3 and NF-κB, which collaborate to induce transcription of type I …