The protonation state of soluble and membrane-associated macromolecules dictates their
charge, conformation, and functional activity. In addition, protons (H+ or their equivalents) …

Microorganisms contend with numerous and unusual chemical threats and have evolved a
catalog of resistance mechanisms in response. One particularly ancient, pernicious threat is …

A density-modification procedure for improving maps from single-particle electron cryogenic
microscopy (cryo-EM) is presented. The theoretical basis of the method is identical to that of …

KCNQ1, also known as Kv7. 1, is a voltage-dependent K+ channel that regulates gastric
acid secretion, salt and glucose homeostasis, and heart rhythm. Its functional properties are …

Abstract Inositol-1, 4, 5-trisphosphate receptors (IP3Rs) are activated by IP3 and Ca2+ and
their gating is regulated by various intracellular messengers that finely tune the channel …

Zinc is essential for all organisms and yet detrimental at elevated levels. Hence,
homeostasis of this metal is tightly regulated. The Zrt/Irt-like proteins (ZIPs) represent the …

KATP channels are metabolic sensors that translate intracellular ATP/ADP balance into
membrane excitability. The molecular composition of KATP includes an inward-rectifier …

The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is a chloride channel that
regulates transepithelial salt and fluid homeostasis. CFTR dysfunction leads to reduced …

The chloride-proton exchanger CLC-7 plays critical roles in lysosomal homeostasis and
bone regeneration and its mutation can lead to osteopetrosis, lysosomal storage disease …

ClC-1 protein channels facilitate rapid passage of chloride ions across cellular membranes,
thereby orchestrating skeletal muscle excitability. Malfunction of ClC-1 is associated with …