The discovery of the sensory nature of the carotid body dates back to the beginning of the
20th century. Following these seminal discoveries, research into carotid body mechanisms …

Mammalian carotid bodies are the main peripheral arterial chemoreceptors, strategically
located at the bifurcation of the common carotid artery. When stimulated these receptors …

Mammalian carotid bodies are richly vascularized chemosensory organs that sense blood
levels of O2, CO2/H+, and glucose and maintain homeostatic regulation of these levels via …

Maintenance of homeostasis in the respiratory and cardiovascular systems depends on
reflexes that are initiated at specialized peripheral chemoreceptors that sense changes in …

Caffeine, which shares consubstantial structural similarity with purine adenosine, has been
demonstrated as a nonselective adenosine receptor antagonist for eliciting most of the …

Epidemiological studies showed that chronic caffeine intake decreased the risk of type 2
diabetes. Previously, we described that chronic caffeine intake prevents and reverses insulin …

Reduced mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, via activation of adenylate kinase and the
resulting exponential rise in the cellular AMP/ATP ratio, appears to be a critical factor …

Key points Carotid body chemoreceptors are organized in clusters containing receptor type I
and contiguous glial‐like type II cells. While type I cells depolarize and release ATP during …

Excitatory effects of adenosine and ATP on carotid body (CB) chemoreception have been
previously described. Our hypothesis is that both ATP and adenosine are the key …

Key points Adenosine and dopamine (DA) are neuromodulators in the carotid body (CB)
chemoafferent pathway, but their mechanisms of action are incompletely understood. Using …