The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis plays important roles in maintaining alertness
and modulating sleep. Dysfunction of this axis at any level (CRH receptor, glucocorticoid …

▪ Abstract Orexin-A and orexin-B are neuropeptides originally identified as endogenous
ligands for two orphan G-protein–coupled receptors. Orexin neuropeptides (also known as …

Sleep is an important component of mammalian homeostasis, vital for the survival of self and
species. People spend at least one third of their lives asleep, yet have little understanding of …

The intention of this review is to summarize the current knowledge on the bidirectional
interaction between sleep EEG and the secretion of corticotropin (ACTH) and cortisol. The …

Stress is considered to be an important cause of disrupted sleep and insomnia. However,
controlled and experimental studies in rodents indicate that effects of stress on sleep–wake …

The role of the central nervous system in the host response to infection and inflammation
and modulation of these responses by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system are well …

A number of hormones, including hypothalamic neuropeptides acting as neurotransmitters
and neuromodulators in the CNS, are involved in the physiologic regulation of breathing and …

The function of sleep is one of the most persistent and perplexing mysteries in biology. Many
theories have been proposed to explain why we sleep, but most account for only a portion of …

A significant portion of the total daily growth hormone (GH) secretion is associated with deep
non-REM sleep (NREMS). GH secretion is stimulated by the hypothalamic neurohormone …

The adaptation of organisms to a rhythmic environment is mediated by an internal timing
system termed the circadian clock. In mammals, molecular clocks are found in all tissues …