This paper is the 28th consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning
the endogenous opioid system, now spanning over a quarter-century of research. It …

Mortality due to opioid use has grown to the point where, for the first time in history, opioid-
related deaths exceed those caused by car accidents in many states in the United States …

During interkinetic nuclear migration (INM), the nuclei in many epithelial cells migrate
between the apical and basal surfaces, coordinating with the cell cycle, and undergoing …

Poppy seeds are obtained from the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.). They are used
as food and to produce edible oil. The opium poppy plant contains narcotic alkaloids such …

The endogenous opioid system, comprised of multiple opioid neuropeptide and receptor
gene families, is highly expressed by developing neural cells and can significantly influence …

Opiate drugs, such as codeine, morphine, and heroin, are powerful analgesics, but also are
used as drugs of abuse because of their psychogenic properties. Many studies have shown …

Phosphorylation of the histone H2AX (γH2AX form) is an early response to DNA damage
and a marker of aging and disease in several cells and tissues outside the nervous system …

High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) has been shown to be linked with immune
stimulation, but is not well studied over the lifetime in opiate addiction. hs-CRP was …

The vertebrate enteric nervous system (ENS) is a crucial network of enteric neurons and glia
resident within the entire gastrointestinal tract (GI). Overseeing essential GI functions such …

During vertebrate eye morphogenesis, a transient fissure forms at its inferior part, known as
the optic fissure. This will gradually close, giving rise to a healthy, spherical optic cup …