Pain can be effectively diminished by various endogenous mechanisms within the central
nervous system. One region where these mechanisms have been well characterized is the …

Opioid analgesics have provided the most consistent and effective analgesia for many years
and are still the best drugs available for pain control in small animals. There are at least …

Background: Although numerous methods of postoperative analgesia have been
investigated in an attempt to improve pain control after total knee arthroplasty, parenteral …

Opioids produce analgesia by interacting with local opioid receptors in peripheral inflamed
tissue. This study investigated whether endogenous ligands of these receptors are present …

Reduction of postoperative pain by injecting opioid into the knee joint is believed to support
the hypothesis of peripheral opioid receptor activation in inflammation. The study design …

IMPLICATIONS: A metaanalysis was performed to study the effects of morphine, injected
intraarticularly, on postoperative pain during 24 h. Nineteen studies could be identified in …

The effectiveness of intra-articular (IA) morphine in arthroscopic procedures of the knee joint
was analysed in all randomised and controlled trials that included injections of morphine …

A randomized, double-blind, controlled study was conducted in patients undergoing elective
knee arthroscopy to assess the analgesic effect of intraarticular morphine and bupivacaine …

Objective To compare the analgesic effect of intra-articular (IA) and intravenous (IV)
morphine in horses with experimentally induced synovitis. Animals Eight adult horses. Study …

Background Outpatient knee surgery has come to involve increasingly complex procedures.
The authors present observational data from a nerve block algorithm designed for the care …