The innate immune system detects pathogens via germline-encoded receptors that bind to
conserved pathogen ligands called pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Here …

The transcription factor NF-κB regulates multiple aspects of innate and adaptive immune
functions and serves as a pivotal mediator of inflammatory response. In the first part of this …

A cell is delimited by numerous borders that define specific organelles. The walls of some
organelles are particularly robust, such as in mitochondria or endoplasmic reticulum, but …

It has been long recognized that NOD1 and NOD2 are critical players in the host immune
response, primarily by their sensing bacterial peptidoglycan‐conserved motifs. Significant …

Infections are known to trigger flares of autoimmune diseases in humans and serve as an
inciting cause of autoimmunity in animals. Evidence suggests a causative role of infections …

Innate immune signaling and programmed cell death are intimately linked, and many
signaling pathways can regulate and induce both, transcription of inflammatory mediators or …

The interleukin-1 family members, IL-1β and IL-18, are processed into their biologically
active forms by multi-protein complexes, known as inflammasomes. Although the …

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death in the industrialized world.
Most CVDs are associated with increased inflammation that arises mainly from innate …

Bacterial peptidoglycan (PGN) fragments are commonly studied in the context of bacterial
infections. However, PGN fragments recently gained recognition as signalling molecules …

Cellular stress has been associated with inflammation, yet precise underlying mechanisms
remain elusive. In this study, various unrelated stress inducers were employed to screen for …