Bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and fungi establish a complex ecosystem in the gut. Like other
microbiota, gut mycobiota plays an indispensable role in modulating intestinal physiology …

Mammalian barrier surfaces are densely populated by symbiont fungi in much the same way
the former are colonized by symbiont bacteria. The fungal microbiota, otherwise known as …

The immune system is essential to maintain the mutualistic homeostatic interaction between
the host and its micro-and mycobiota. Living as a commensal, Saccharomyces cerevisiae …

White-nose syndrome (WNS) in North American bats is caused by an invasive cutaneous
infection by the psychrophilic fungus Pseudogymnoascus destructans (Pd). We compared …

An increasing body of literature is addressing the immuno-modulating functions of miRNAs
which include paracrine signaling via exosome-mediated intercellular miRNA. In view of the …

Background Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) infections result in large economic
losses in the swine industry worldwide. ETEC infections cause pro-inflammatory responses …

In ecology, tolerance of parasites refers to host mitigation of the fitness costs of an infection.
This concept of parasite tolerance contrasts with resistance, whereby hosts reduce the …

The human gut microbiome (bacteria, fungi, viruses, and archaea) is a complex and diverse
ecosystem. It plays an important role in human health, but is involved in several intestinal …

Allergen immunotherapy (AIT) is the only curative treatment for allergic diseases. However,
AIT has many disadvantages related to efficiency, safety, long-term duration, and patient …

Background: Vulvovaginal candidiasis is caused by Candida albicans. The vaginal
epithelium, as the first site of the initial stage of infection by pathogens, plays an important …