In the last decade there has been incredible interest and advancement in the surgical care
of adult patients with upper motor neuron (UMN) injuries. Spasticity represents a prevalent …

Spasticity is a common neuromuscular abnormality following upper motor neuron lesions.
Conventionally, spasticity is assessed through manual clinical scales, which have limitations …

Introduction: Robot-assisted neurorehabilitation is becoming an established method to
complement conventional therapy after stroke and provide intensive therapy regimes in …

In neurorehabilitation, assessment of functional problems is essential to define optimal
rehabilitation treatments. Usually, this assessment process requires distinguishing between …

The pendulum test is a quantitative method used to assess knee extensor spasticity in
humans with spinal cord injury (SCI). Yet, the clinical implementation of this method remains …

Limb spasticity is caused by stroke, multiple sclerosis, traumatic brain injury and various
central nervous system pathologies such as brain tumors resulting in joint stiffness, loss of …

Assessment of muscle tone in a clinical setting is important for the physiotherapist to better
analyse and establish appropriate treatments for CNS disorders. This study aims to review …

Pain represents a common symptom of several diseases and is often associated with a
reduction in rehabilitation outcomes and recovery. The effectiveness of pain alleviation by …

Spasticity is a motor disorder with high prevalence and critical consequences following a
stroke. Reliable and sensitive measurements are important to guide the selection and …

Our objective was to determine which pendulum test parameters are useful for detecting
hypertonia in the knee muscles and assessing the group and individual responses to …