Behavioral adaptations occur through remodeling of brain circuits, as arising, for instance,
from experience-dependent synaptic plasticity. Drugs of abuse and aversive stimuli, such as …

Highlights•In VTA GABA neurons, KCC2 is downregulated by stress and drug
use.•Downregulation of KCC2 is associated with a variety of behavioral changes.•KCC2 …

Dopamine neurons play an essential role in terms of cognitive coordination and executive
functions, which has been investigated in the therapy of multiple psychiatric and …

A large body of data has identified numerous molecular targets through which ethanol
(EtOH) acts on brain circuits. Yet how these multiple mechanisms interact to result in …

Introduction Stress and trauma are significant risk factors for many neuropsychiatric
disorders and diseases, including anxiety disorders. Stress-induced anxiety symptoms have …

The dynamics of neuronal excitability determine the neuron's response to stimuli, its
synchronization and resonance properties and, ultimately, the computations it performs in …

Background Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterized by impairments
in developmental–behavioral inhibition, resulting in impulsivity and hyperactivity. Recent …

The lateral habenula (LHb) projects to the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and dorsal raphe
nuclei (DRN) that deliver dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) to cortical and limbic regions …

The ventral tegmental area (VTA) neuronal population consists of dopaminergic (DAergic)
and non-DAergic neurons (mainly GABAergic), the activity of which is intertwined with VTA …

Drug dependence is characterized by a switch in motivation wherein a positively reinforcing
substance can become negatively reinforcing. Put differently, drug use can transform from a …