The ability of pluripotent stem cells to self-renew and differentiate into all somatic cell types
brings great prospects to regenerative medicine and human health. However, before clinical …

Induction immunosuppression is intense, prophylactic therapy used at the time of
transplantation based on the empiric observation that more powerful immunosuppression is …

Current success in organ transplantation is dependent upon the use of calcineurin-inhibitor-
based im-munosuppressive regimens. Unfortunately, current immunotherapy targets …

After a very long and windy road, in December of 2005 the FDA approved CTLA4Ig for the
treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Orencia is the first-in-class antagonist of CD28 …

Transplantation is the treatment of choice for patients with end-stage organ failure. Its
success is limited by side effects of immunosuppressive drugs, such as inhibitors of the …

Activated T cells orchestrate the immune response that results in graft rejection; therefore, a
common goal among current immunosuppressive therapies is to block T-cell activation …

Many methods for reducing the immunosuppressive requirements of allotransplantation
have been proposed based on a growing understanding of physiological and allospecific …

The prevention of allograft transplant rejection by inhibition of the CD40/CD40L
costimulatory pathway has been described in several species. We searched pubmed for …

Secondary, so-called costimulatory, signals are critically required for the process of T cell
activation. Since landmark studies defined that T cells receiving a T cell receptor signal …

As the recognition that costimulatory signals are critical for optimal T‐cell activation,
proliferation, and differentiation, there has been an explosion in the study of costimulatory …