Although activity that induced tumor regression was observed and termed tumor necrosis
factor (TNF) as early as the 1960s, the true identity of TNF was not clear until 1984, when …

TNFs are major mediators of inflammation and inflammation‐related diseases, hence, the U
nited S tates F ood and D rug A dministration (FDA) has approved the use of blockers of the …

Increased levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α have been linked to a number of
pulmonary inflammatory diseases including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease …

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterised by an inflammatory
response by the lungs to inhaled substances such as cigarette smoking and air pollutants. In …

It is now established that airway smooth muscle (ASM) has roles in determining airway
structure and function, well beyond that as the major contractile element. Indeed, changes in …

Objective To investigate the role of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in hyperoxic
lung injury. Methods Adult mice were exposed to 95% O2 for 72 h to induce hyperoxic lung …

Airway structure and function are key aspects of normal lung development, growth, and
aging, as well as of lung responses to the environment and the pathophysiology of important …

Macrophages are among the most abundant cells in the respiratory tract, and they can have
strikingly different phenotypes within this environment. Our knowledge of the different …

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is recognized by the Global Initiative for
Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease guidelines as an inflammatory disease state, and …

Epidemiological studies indicate that chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is
associated with the incidence of changes in intestinal health. Cigarette smoking, as one of …