The conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm is a well-established model utilized to
study the role of context associations in reward-related behaviors, including both natural …

The resurgence of interest in anhedonia within major depression has been fuelled by
clinical trials demonstrating its utility in predicting antidepressant response as well as recent …

Addiction is a chronic relapsing disorder characterized by the loss of control over drug
intake, high motivation to obtain the drug, and a persistent craving for the drug …

A markedly reduced interest or pleasure in activities previously considered pleasurable is a
main symptom in mood disorder and psychosis and is often present in other psychiatric …

How consciousness appeared much earlier in evolutionary history than is commonly
assumed, and why all vertebrates and perhaps even some invertebrates are conscious …

The use of psychoactive drugs is a wide spread behaviour in human societies. The
systematic use of a drug requires the establishment of different drug use-associated …

Anhedonia is one of the core symptoms of major depressive disorder (MDD), which is often
inadequately treated by traditional antidepressants. The modern framework of anhedonia …

Early life stress (ELS), in the form of childhood maltreatment, abuse, or neglect, increases
the risk for psychiatric sequelae later in life. The neurobiology of response to early stress …

Positive expectations contribute to the clinical benefits of the placebo effect,. Such positive
expectations are mediated by the brain's reward system,; however, it remains unknown …

Drug addiction is a devastating condition that poses a serious burden on the society. The
use of some drugs like morphine for their tremendous analgesic properties is also …