The giant planets were the first to form and hold the key to unveiling the solar system's
formation history in their interiors and atmospheres. Furthermore, the unique conditions …

Since the first discovery of planets in another solar system of our galaxy in the early 90s and
the discovery of 51 Pegassi b, a Jovian-type planet around a Sun-like star in 1995 (Mayor …

Earth's water, intrinsic oxidation state and metal core density are fundamental chemical
features of our planet. Studies of exoplanets provide a useful context for elucidating the …

Neptune-sized planets exhibit a wide range of compositions and densities, depending on
factors related to their formation and evolution history, such as the distance from their host …

Super-Earths span a wide range of bulk densities, indicating a diversity in interior conditions
beyond that seen in the solar system. In particular, an emerging population of low-density …

We performed ab initio molecular dynamics simulations for pressures and temperatures from
300–5000 GPa and 3000–30 000 K in order to determine the equation of state of solid and …

Recent JWST observations of the sub-Neptune GJ 1214 b suggest that it hosts a high-
metallicity (≳ 100× solar), hazy atmosphere. Emission spectra of the planet show molecular …

Core segregation and atmosphere formation are two of the major processes that redistribute
the volatile elements—hydrogen (H), carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and sulfur (S)—in and around …

Recent studies have suggested the possibility of Hycean worlds, characterized by deep
liquid water oceans beneath H2-rich atmospheres. These planets significantly widen the …

Understanding the longevity of Mars's dynamo is key to interpreting the planet's atmospheric
loss history and the properties of its deep interior. Satellite data showing magnetic lows …