The hippocampus provided the gateway into much of what we have learned about stress
and brain structural and functional plasticity, and this initial focus has expanded to other …

Sex hormones act throughout the entire brain of both males and females via both genomic
and nongenomic receptors. Sex hormones can act through many cellular and molecular …

Men and women exhibit differences in the development and progression of Alzheimer's
disease (AD). The factors underlying the sex differences in AD are not well understood. This …

Observations of the disproportionate incidence of depression in women compared with men
have long preceded the recent explosion of interest in sex differences. Nonetheless, the …

Background: Bisphenol A (BPA) is one of the highest volume chemicals produced
worldwide. It has recognized activity as an endocrine-disrupting chemical and has …

Aging is an inevitable biological process characterized by a progressive decline in
physiological function and increased susceptibility to disease. The detrimental effects of …

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are a wide class of disorders of the central nervous
system (CNS) with unknown etiology. Several factors were hypothesized to be involved in …

Biological differences between males and females are found at multiple levels. However,
females have too often been under-represented in behavioral neuroscience research, which …

It is well established that estrogens affect neuroplasticity in a number of brain regions. In
particular, estrogens modulate and mediate spine and synapse formation as well as …

Adolescence may mark a sensitive period for the development of higher-order cognition
through enhanced plasticity of cortical circuits. At the same time, animal research indicates …