From an engineering perspective, skeletal tissues are remarkable structures because they
are lightweight, stiff and tough, yet produced at ambient conditions. The biomechanical …

Biomineralization of skeletal components (eg, bone and teeth) is generally accepted to
occur under strict cellular regulation, leading to mineral–organic composites with …

Many biomineral crystals form complex non-equilibrium shapes, often via transient
amorphous precursors. Also in vitro crystals can be grown with non-equilibrium …

“Non-classical” notions consider formation pathways of crystalline materials where larger
species than monomeric chemical constituents, ie, ions or single molecules, play crucial …

Nature uses extracellular matrix scaffolds to organize biominerals into hierarchical structures
over various length scales. This has inspired the design of biomimetic mineralization …

Although musculoskeletal diseases such as osteoporosis are diagnosed and treatment
outcome is evaluated based mainly on routine clinical outcomes of bone mineral density …

Bone mineralization is a ubiquitous process among vertebrates that involves a dynamic
physical/chemical interplay between the organic and inorganic components of bone tissues …

Sea urchin larvae have an endoskeleton consisting of two calcitic spicules. The primary
mesenchyme cells (PMCs) are the cells that are responsible for spicule formation. PMCs …

During chicken embryonic development, skeleton calcification mainly relies on the eggshell,
whose minerals are progressively solubilized and transported to the embryo via the …

During skeletal development, bone growth and mineralization require transport of
substantial amounts of calcium, while maintaining very low concentration. How an organism …