Melasma is a common acquired disorder of pigmentation that negatively impacts quality of
life. Present treatments show poor therapeutic effect with frequent recurrence. This in large …

Background Melasma is a complex and multipathophysiological condition that is
challenging to treat. The roles of each element in the dermis were highlighted in this recent …

Background Multiphoton microscopy (MPM) offers a feasible approach for the biopsy in
clinical medicine, but it has not been used in clinical applications due to the lack of efficient …

Vitiligo is an autoimmune skin disease characterized by the destruction of melanocytes by
autoreactive CD8+ T cells. Melanocyte destruction in active vitiligo is mediated by CD8+ T …

Non-linear optical (NLO) microscopy has proven to be a powerful tool especially for tissue
imaging with sub-cellular resolution, high penetration depth, endogenous contrast …

Background Diagnosis of pigmentary skin disorders, pre‐cancerous and cancerous skin
diseases is traditionally relied on visual assessment. The most widely applied invasive …

Understanding the delivery and diffusion of topically-applied drugs on human skin is of
paramount importance in both pharmaceutical and cosmetics research. This information is …

Over the past few years, high-resolution optical imaging technologies such as optical
coherence tomography (OCT), reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM), and multiphoton …

We introduce a compact, fast large area multiphoton exoscope (FLAME) system with
enhanced molecular contrast for macroscopic imaging of human skin with microscopic …

Background Recent evidence suggests melasma to be a photoaging disorder. Triple
combination creams (TCC: fluocinolone acetonide 0.01%, hydroquinone 4% and tretinoin …