Atrial fibrillation (AF) is suspected by an irregularly irregular rhythm during auscultation at
rest and should be confirmed by electrocardiography. Heart rate monitoring is potentially …

Minimally-invasive catheter-based interventional cardiology is a mainstay for the diagnosis
and treatment of arrhythmias in human medicine. Very accurate imaging using fluoroscopy …

Background Atrial tachycardia (AT) can be treated by medical or electrical cardioversion but
the recurrence rate is high. Three‐dimensional electro‐anatomical mapping, recently …

Background Three‐dimensional electro‐anatomical mapping, previously performed in
horses with atrial arrhythmias, has demonstrated the medial region of the caudal vena cava …

Background Recently, treatment of equine atrial tachycardia by three‐dimensional electro‐
anatomical mapping (3D EAM) and radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) has been …

Introduction/objectives Spontaneous pulmonary vein (PV) activity triggers atrial fibrillation
(AF) in humans. Although AF frequently occurs in horses, the origin remains unknown. This …

Understanding the depolarisation pattern of the equine heart under normal physiologic
conditions, and its relationship to the surface electrocardiogram (ECG), is of uppermost …

Background Atrial fibrillation is the most common arrhythmia in horses causing poor
performance. The role of pulmonary vein triggers in the pathogenesis has been identified in …

Background Three‐dimensional electroanatomical mapping is of potential interest in equine
cardiology to identify arrhythmia mechanisms, characterise electroanatomical substrates …

Ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) are often incidental or coincidental with systemic disease.
Ventricular arrhythmias are also the most likely cause of many sudden cardiac deaths in …