Obesity leads to chronic, systemic inflammation and can lead to insulin resistance (IR), β-cell
dysfunction, and ultimately type 2 diabetes (T2D). This chronic inflammatory state …

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is an expanding global health problem, closely linked to
the epidemic of obesity. Individuals with T2DM are at high risk for both microvascular …

NADPH oxidases (NOX) are enzyme complexes that have received much attention as key
molecules in the development of vascular dysfunction. NOX have the primary function of …

The prevalence of sarcopenic obesity is increasing worldwide, particularly amongst aging
populations. Insulin resistance is the core mechanism of sarcopenic obesity and is also …

Glucocorticoids are steroid hormones that regulate multiple aspects of glucose homeostasis.
Glucocorticoids promote gluconeogenesis in liver, whereas in skeletal muscle and white …

Background. Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors lower glycemia by
enhancing urinary glucose excretion. The physiologic response to pharmacologically …

Muscle atrophy is caused by an imbalance in contractile protein synthesis and degradation
which can be triggered by various conditions including Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) …

The synthesis of type I collagen, the main component of bone matrix, precedes the
expression of Runx2, the earliest determinant of osteoblast differentiation. We hypothesized …

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The euglycemic insulin clamp technique (5) is
considered to be the gold standard for measuring insulin action in vivo. With this technique …

Insulin resistance in muscle and liver and-cell failure represent the core pathophysiologic
defects in type 2 diabetes. It now is recognized that the-cell failure occurs much earlier and …