In this paper we examine the physical foundations and theoretical development of the kappa
distribution, which arises naturally from non-extensive Statistical Mechanics. The kappa …

The heliospheric magnetic field (HMF) is the extension of the coronal magnetic field carried
out into the solar system by the solar wind. It is the means by which the Sun interacts with …

The Sun moves through the local interstellar medium, continuously emitting ionized,
supersonic solar wind plasma and carving out a cavity in interstellar space called the …

Abstract The Interstellar Mapping and Acceleration Probe (IMAP) is a revolutionary mission
that simultaneously investigates two of the most important overarching issues in …

The magnetospheric physics research community uses a broad array of quantitative data-
model comparison methods (metrics) when conducting their research investigations. It is …

As the Sun moves through the local interstellar medium, its supersonic, ionized solar wind
carves out a cavity called the heliosphere. Recent observations from the Interstellar …

This paper describes the physical foundations of the newly discovered “entropy defect” as a
basic concept of thermodynamics. The entropy defect quantifies the change in entropy …

The Solar System is embedded in a flow of low-density, warm, and partially ionized
interstellar material that has been sampled directly by in situ measurements of interstellar …

Abstract The Moon and Mercury are airless bodies, thus they are directly exposed to the
ambient plasma (ions and electrons), to photons mostly from the Sun from infrared range all …

Abstract The IBEX-Hi Neutral Atom Imager of the Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX)
mission is designed to measure energetic neutral atoms (ENAs) originating from the …