Determining mechanisms of resistance to αPD-1/PD-L1 immune-checkpoint immunotherapy
is key to developing new treatment strategies. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF) have …

Tetanus toxoid (TTd) plays an important role in the pharmaceutical world, especially in
vaccines. The toxoid is obtained after formaldehyde treatment of the tetanus toxin. In …

Plants have been explored for many years as inexpensive and versatile platforms for the
generation of vaccines and other biopharmaceuticals. Plant viruses have also been …

Induction of persistent antibody responses by vaccination is generally thought to depend on
efficient help by T follicular helper cells. Since the T helper cell response to HIV Env may not …

Vaccination with DNA that encodes cancer antigens is a simple and convenient way to raise
immunity against cancer and has already shown promise in the clinical setting …

Therapeutic vaccines are an effective approach in cancer therapy for treating the disease at
later stages. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recently approved the first therapeutic …

Plant expression systems have been developed to produce anti-cancer vaccines. Plants
have several advantages as bioreactors for the production of subunit vaccines: they are …

Chloroplasts are specialized organelle that are responsible for converting light energy to
chemical energy, thereby driving the carbon dioxide fixation. Apart from photosynthesis …

Immunotherapies constitute an important trend in developing new cancer treatments, and
several promising candidates are under evaluation in clinical trials. Plants have entered the …

Cancer immunotherapy is a promising intervention to fight against this global health
problem. In particular targeting immune checkpoints, such as cytotoxic T-lymphocyte …