It is commonly believed that consciousness is a higher brain function. Here we consider the
likelihood, based on abundant neuroevolutionary data that lower brain affective …

This review examines the neurobehavioral nature of fishes and addresses the question of
whether fishes are capable of experiencing pain and suffering. The detrimental effects of …

Emotions seem to arise ultimately from hard-wired neural circuits in the visceral-limbic brain
that facilitate diverse and adaptive behavioral and physiological responses to major classes …

This article applies the free energy principle to the hard problem of consciousness. After
clarifying some philosophical issues concerning functionalism, it identifies the elemental …

Emotions seem to arise ultimately from hard-wired neural circuits in the visceral-limbic brain
that facilitate diverse and adaptive behavioral and physiological responses to major classes …

Two aspects of the body are represented in the brain, and they are represented differently.
The most important difference is that the brain regions for the two aspects of the body are …

We offer a scientific approach to the philosophical 'hard problem'of consciousness, as
formulated by David Chalmers in this journal. Our treatment is based upon two recent …

In 1953 Olds and Milner 9o discovered that animals would repeat acts that were followed by
delivery of electrical stimulation of the brain. This finding had important implications for …

In the early nineties of the twentieth century Jaak Panksepp coined the term “Affective
Neuroscience”(AN) today being accepted as a unique research area in cross-species brain …

The taste reactivity test described in the preceding paper was used to begin determining the
capacity of brain stem structures to execute and regulate ingestive behavior. Both chronic …