Immune memory is a defining feature of the acquired immune system, but activation of the
innate immune system can also result in enhanced responsiveness to subsequent triggers …

The existing vaccine paradigm assumes that vaccines only protect against the target
infection, that effective vaccines reduce mortality corresponding to the target infection's …

Both sex (ie, biological differences) and gender (ie, social or cultural influences) impact
vaccine acceptance, responses, and outcomes. Clinical data illustrate that among children …

Live attenuated vaccines could have beneficial, non-specific effects of protecting against
vaccine-unrelated infections, such as BCG protecting against respiratory infection. During …

Recent epidemiological studies have shown that, in addition to disease-specific effects,
vaccines against infectious diseases have nonspecific effects on the ability of the immune …

The textbook view of vaccination is that it functions to induce immune memory of the specific
pathogen components of the vaccine, leading to a quantitatively and qualitatively better …

Abstract (See the editorial commentary by Shann, on pages 182–4.) Background.
Observational studies have suggested that BCG may have nonspecific beneficial effects on …

Although T cell memory is generally thought to require direct antigen exposure, we found an
abundance of memory-phenotype cells (20%–90%, averaging over 50%) of CD4+ T cells …

Objective To examine in a randomised trial whether a 25% difference in mortality exists
between 4.5 months and 3 years of age for children given two standard doses of Edmonston …

Malaria is the most deadly parasitic disease, affecting hundreds of millions of people
worldwide. Malaria parasites have been associated with their hosts for millions of years …