Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has emerged pandemically across the globe and
particularly affects patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes. NAFLD is a complex systemic …

The intestinal mucosa provides a selective permeable barrier for nutrient absorption and
protection from external factors. It consists of epithelial cells, immune cells and their …

Obesity is caused by a long-term difference between energy intake and expenditure—an
imbalance that is seemingly easily restored by increasing exercise and reducing caloric …

Feelings of hunger and satiety are the key determinants for maintaining the life of humans
and animals. Disturbed appetite control may disrupt the metabolic health of the host and …

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an epidemic liver disease, affecting
approximately one quarter of the entire population in the world.(1) This disease …

Obesity is a major risk factor for developing gallstone disease (GSD). Previous studies have
shown that obesity is associated with an elevated Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio in the gut …

The emerging evidence on the interconnectedness between the gut microbiome and host
metabolism has led to a paradigm shift in the study of metabolic diseases such as obesity …

The intestinal immune system is an important modulator of glucose homeostasis and obesity-
associated insulin resistance. Dietary factors, the intestinal microbiota and their metabolites …

We are host to an assembly of microorganisms that vary in structure and function along the
length of the gut and from the lumen to the mucosa. This ecosystem is collectively known as …

BPA is one of the most common endocrine disruptors that is widely being manufactured
daily nationwide. Although scientific evidence supports claims of negative effects of BPA on …