Multiprotein complexes regulate most if not all cellular functions. Elucidating the structure
and function of these complex cellular machines is essential for understanding biology …

Influenza, the most common infectious disease, poses a great threat to human health
because of its highly contagious nature and fast transmissibility, often leading to high …

Objective Canine parvovirus (CPV) is a small virus without an envelope that consists of three
viral proteins including VP1, VP2, and VP3. Exclusively, the VP2 can form a typically CPV …

In April 2013, human infections with a novel avian influenza (H7N9) virus emerged in China.
It has caused serious concerns for public health throughout the world. However, there is …

Africa is experiencing reoccurrence of avian influenza outbreaks with huge negative impact
on the economy of the continent as a result of high mortality rate and extreme …

Abstract Background and Aims: Influenza A (H5N1) viruses circulating in animals might
evolve and acquire the ability to spread from human to human and thus start a pandemic …

Materials and Methods: HA1 sequence was cloned into pGEM® 5Zf (–) vector. It was then
subcloned into shuttle vector PHT43 and transferred to E. coli for replication. The …

Background and purpose: Highly Pathogenic Influenza A (H5N1) viruses cause vast
economic losses throughout the world. They may circulate in animals and be able to spread …

Background: Two structural antigens, hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, are a major
component for the development of influenza vaccine candidates. Recombinant vaccines are …

Based on data obtained from the World Health Organization (WHO), influenza (or flu) is
responsible for highly contagious, acute respiratory diseases in humans. These diseases …