Dental enamel is the hardest and most mineralized tissue in extinct and extant vertebrate
species and provides maximum durability that allows teeth to function as weapons and/or …

Biliary bile salt composition of 677 vertebrate species (103 fish, 130 reptiles, 271 birds, 173
mammals) was determined. Bile salts were of three types: C 27 bile alcohols, C 27 bile …

During the last 80 years there have been extraordinary advances in our knowledge of the
chemistry and biology of bile acids. We present here a brief history of the major …

Tooth enamel is the outer covering of tooth crowns, the hardest material in the mammalian
body, yet fracture resistant. The extremely high content of 95 wt% calcium phosphate in …

Two contradictory hypotheses on the role of dietary carbohydrates in health and disease
shape how dental-systemic associations are regarded. On one side, Cleave and Yudkin …

INTRODUCTION The absence of teeth or edentulism has evolved on multiple occasions
within vertebrates, including birds, turtles, and a few groups of mammals (anteaters, baleen …

Enamel is unique. It is the only epithelial-derived mineralized tissue in mammals and has a
distinct micro-and nanostructure with nanofibrous apatite crystals as building blocks. It is …

Background The ability to form teeth was lost in an ancestor of all modern birds,
approximately 100-80 million years ago. However, experiments in chicken have revealed …

A striking difference between xenarthrans and other mammals is the complete loss of tooth
enamel in all members but the earliest armadillos. However, sloth and armadillo teeth show …

To gain general acceptance forensic DNA testing in animals needs to improve
standardization of analysis methods and data interpretation. Recently, the International …