In bacteria and archaea, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats
(CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated (Cas) proteins constitute an adaptive immune system …

Many bacterial and archaeal organisms use clustered regularly interspaced short
palindromic repeats–CRISPR associated (CRISPR–Cas) systems to defend themselves …

The global emergence of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria is a growing threat to
antibiotic therapy. The chromosomally encoded drug efflux mechanisms that are ubiquitous …

Viruses are a common threat to cellular life, not the least to bacteria and archaea who
constitute the majority of life on Earth. Consequently, a variety of mechanisms to resist virus …

Effective clearance of an infection requires that the immune system rapidly detects and
neutralizes invading parasites while strictly avoiding self-antigens that would result in …

Bacteria and archaea have evolved defense and regulatory mechanisms to cope with
various environmental stressors, including virus attack. This arsenal has been expanded by …

CRISPR-Cas is an RNA-mediated adaptive immune system that defends bacteria and
archaea against mobile genetic elements. Short mature CRISPR RNAs (crRNAs) are key …

CRISPR-Cas are prokaryotic adaptive immune systems that provide protection against
bacteriophage (phage) and other parasites. Little is known about how CRISPR-Cas systems …

Bacterial genomes are remarkably stable from one generation to the next but are plastic on
an evolutionary time scale, substantially shaped by horizontal gene transfer, genome …

Filamentous bacteriophage, long and thin filaments that are secreted from the host cells
without killing them, have been an antithesis to the standard view of head-and-tail bacterial …