Currently, immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapies that target the programmed cell
death ligand-1 (PD-L1) have been used as revolutionary cancer treatments in the clinic …

Highlights•Treatment of brain metastasis is very challenging, due to the role of blood–brain
barrier.•Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) lacks targeted therapy and is challenging to …

Background Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is more prone to distant metastasis and
visceral recurrence in comparison to other breast cancer subtypes, and is related to dismal …

Exosomes are nanoscale vesicles secreted by most cells and have a phospholipid bilayer
structure. Exosomes contain DNA, small RNA, proteins, and other substances that can carry …

Simple Summary Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive breast cancer
subtype with poor outcomes and limited therapeutic options. It is characterized by a more …

Simple Summary Glioblastoma multiforme is the most lethal form of brain cancer. To improve
patient outcomes, more effective treatments should be designed. Therefore, it is important to …

Despite medical advances in treatment strategies over the past 30-years, epithelial ovarian
cancer (EOC) continues to be defined by poor patient survival rates and aggressive, drug …

Breakthroughs in actual clinical applications have begun through vaccine-based cancer
immunotherapy, which uses the body's immune system, both humoral and cellular, to attack …

Simple Summary Aggressive types of breast cancer spread to the brain and can form a new
tumor there. The treatment of such a tumor is more difficult because there is a membrane …

Brain metastases are common in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), suggesting a
complex process of cancer spread. The mechanisms enabling TNBC cell adaptation and …