The theory and observations relating to electron temperatures in the F region of the
ionosphere are reviewed. The review is divided into three basic parts. In the first part the …

In this paper we review the theory of acoustic‐gravity waves, the interaction of such waves
with the ionosphere, the experimental support for the existence of such waves in the upper …

The book constitutes an introductory and summary account of fluid-wave propagation in the
earth's atmosphere. Attention is focused on waves of less than global nature, whose …

This review summarizes some of the recent results on the disturbed upper atmosphere
obtained by satellite‐borne gas analyzers. According to these measurements …

A computer model is used to simulate the winds and temperature variations in the
thermosphere which result from auroral region electric currents during a large isolated …

The retarding potential analyzer aboard Ogo 6 has provided high‐resolution observations of
the ion concentration along the satellite path. Changes in ion concentration as small as …

GIUVlly WilVes In ihe Almosphere Page 1 NATURE VOL. 239 SEPTEMBER 8 1972 73 GIUVlly
WilVes In ihe Almosphere COHINES Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto 5 …

The extra diffuse traces (supplementary to the main trace) which were detected on
ionograms in the early days of ionospheric research were classified as spread-F traces …

Mid-latitude spread F has been investigated in past studies, mostly over the Southern
Hemisphere. It has been correlated with geomagnetic activity, travelling ionospheric …

Abstract A three-year study (2017, 2020, 2021) of diurnal and seasonal characteristics of
nighttime spread F over eight Digisonde European stations covering an extended latitude …