Abstract Hybrid Energy Storage Systems (HESSs), which are mainly based on Lithium-ion (L
i− ion) batteries and supercapacitors (SCs), are extensively investigated for large-scale …

Series battery equalisation can improve battery charge and discharge reliability and extend
battery life. Inductor-based battery equalisation schemes have the advantages of simple …

This article presents the optimization procedure based on genetics algorithms (GA) to obtain
an equivalent electric circuit model (EECM) of a Li-ion battery pack. In the first part, a series …

The inconsistency in large-scale series-connected lithium battery pack significantly impacts
the usable capacity of the battery pack and raises the likelihood of safety risks. In this paper …

Cell-to-cell variations of Li-ion batteries directly weaken the pack performance, which is
mainly reflected in the variations of pack capacity and resistance. Pack capacity-resistance …

In recent years, battery chargers are not only capable of charging a battery, but also can
measure the internal impedance spectrum of a battery in real-time. Measured battery …

Large-scale energy storage applications require multiple lithium-ion battery packs operating
in parallel. Such applications comprise of renewable energy storage systems, battery packs …

In this study, electrochemical impedance analysis at the same cell potential, constant
temperature, and frequency range was performed for commercial 18650 lithium-ion and …

As the number of parallel battery connections in an energy storage system is increased to
extend the energy capacity and second-life batteries are actively adopted, the battery is …

This paper presents a hybrid characterization procedure of battery packs capable of
reproducing their behavior under different dynamic operation conditions. During the …