Twenty‐five years ago, a new physiological preparation called the working heart–brainstem
preparation (WHBP) was introduced with the claim it would provide a new platform allowing …

Sex differences in physiological responses to various stressors, including exercise, have
been well documented. However, the specific impact of these differences on exposure to …

Despite advances in the treatment of heart failure, prognosis is poor, mortality high and there
remains no cure. Heart failure is associated with reduced cardiac pump function, autonomic …

The etiology of hypertension, the world's biggest killer, remains poorly understood, with
treatments targeting the established symptom, not the cause. The development of …

The retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) contains chemosensitive cells that distribute CO2-
dependent excitatory drive to the respiratory network. This drive facilitates the function of the …

An adequate supply of O2 is essential for the maintenance of cellular activity. Systemic or
local hypoxia can be experienced during decreased O2 availability or associated with …

Key points Contraction of abdominal muscles at the end of expiration during metabolic
challenges (such as hypercapnia and hypoxia) improves pulmonary ventilation. The …

Key points Hypercapnia or parafacial respiratory group (pFRG) disinhibition at normocapnia
evokes active expiration in rats by recruitment of pFRG late‐expiratory (late‐E) neurons. We …

Carotid body pathophysiology is associated with many cardiovascular–respiratory–
metabolic diseases. This pathophysiology reflects both hyper‐sensitivity and hyper‐tonicity …

Coordination of respiratory pump and valve muscle activity is essential for normal breathing.
A hallmark respiratory response to hypercapnia and hypoxia is the emergence of active …