Medical micro/nanorobots have received tremendous attention over the past decades owing
to their potential to be navigated into hard-to-reach tissues for a number of biomedical …

Differently from passive Brownian particles, active particles, also known as self-propelled
Brownian particles or microswimmers and nanoswimmers, are capable of taking up energy …

Fluid dynamics plays a crucial role in many cellular processes, including the locomotion of
cells such as bacteria and spermatozoa. These organisms possess flagella, slender …

Bacteria predate plants and animals by billions of years. Today, they are the world's smallest
cells, yet they represent the bulk of the world's biomass and the main reservoir of nutrients …

In the body, mucus provides an important defense mechanism by limiting the penetration of
pathogens. It is therefore also a major obstacle for the efficient delivery of particle-based …

The locomotion of microorganisms and spermatozoa in complex viscoelastic fluids is of
critical importance in many biological processes such as fertilization, infection, and biofilm …

Tissue and biological fluids are complex viscoelastic media with a nanoporous
macromolecular structure. Here, we demonstrate that helical nanopropellers can be …

We review the literature on swimming in complex fluids. A classification is proposed by
comparing the length-and timescales of a swimmer with those of nearby obstacles …

Biohybrid micromotors propelled by motile cells are fascinating entities for autonomous
biomedical operations on the microscale. Their operation under physiological conditions …

In recent years, the combination of synthetic micro‐and nanomaterials with spermatozoa as
functional components has led to the development of tubular and helical spermbots …